Critical Period Hypothesis - 859 Words

Lenneberg formed the Critical Period Hypothesis theory which contends that language is innate but has to be attained before the age of puberty or else the ability to learn language ebbs (as a result of the lateralization of the brain). 1 At present, the Critical Period Hypothesis theory is widely accepted by numerous linguists. Evidence has been presented that there is a limited time when the brain is malleable (in terms of language). Studies such as, linguistically isolated children (a.k.a. feral children) support Lenneberg s theory of the critical period because they are unable to fully acquire language. 2 Moreover, there is a non-uniform success rate in adults who try to attain a second language yet children can obtain a new language a†¦show more content†¦Other cases of feral children include: Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron (who was found at age 11) and Kamala of Midnapore (who was found at age 8), both never learned language correctly either.11 Therefore, although Lenn eberg s hypothesis is not proven, feral children forcefully support it. The Critical Period Hypothesis is further supported by experiments about second language acquisition. Lenneberg believed that the language acquisition device, like otherShow MoreRelatedThe Critical Period Hypothesis : Is It Valid?1354 Words   |  6 PagesThe Critical Period Hypothesis: Is it Valid? Is it Relevant? The adage that â€Å"You can’t teach an old dog new tricks† has been around in one form or another since the 1500s. There is no realm in which this idea is more prevalent than in second language learning even today. In â€Å"Three Misconceptions About L2 Learning†, Marinova-Todd, Marshall, and Snow said it well: Age has often been considered a major, if not the primary, factor determining success in learning a second or foreign language. ChildrenRead MoreThe Critical Period Hypothesis For Language Acquisition2050 Words   |  9 PagesThe Critical Period Hypothesis for language acquisition was popularised by Eric Lenneberg (1967) upon the foundations laid by neurologist Wilder Penfield and colleague and Lamar Roberts (1959). It is the subject of a linguistic debate over the extent to which language acquisition is biologically linked to age. As defined by Reber and Reber (2001), the critical period is, a period of time during which an organism is optimally ready for the acquisition of specific responses’. This essay will considerRead More The Critical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe Critical Period Hypothesis of Language Acquisition Ahhhhh! I yell in frustration. Ive been studying Spanish for seven years, and I still cant speak it fluently. Well, honey, its not your fault. You didnt start young enough, my mom says, trying to comfort me. Although she doesnt know it, she is basing her statement on the Critical Period Hypothesis. The Critical Period Hypothesis proposes that the human brain is only malleable, in terms of language, for a limited timeRead MoreCritical Evidence: A Test of the Critical-Period Hypothesis for Second-Language Acquisition6725 Words   |  27 PagesResearch Article CRITICAL EVIDENCE: A Test of the Critical-Period Hypothesis for Second-Language Acquisition Kenji Hakuta,1 Ellen Bialystok,2 and Edward Wiley1 1 Stanford University and 2York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Abstract—The critical-period hypothesis for second-language acquisition was tested on data from the 1990 U.S. Census using responses from 2.3 million immigrants with Spanish or Chinese language backgrounds. The analyses tested a key prediction of the hypothesis, namely, thatRead MoreThe Acquisition Of Child Language1010 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The acquisition of child language has become a heated debate in which many discuss how and when a child is able to learn both their first and even their second language. The critical period hypothesis is a theory which claims that after a certain age children will no longer be able to achieve a native level of fluency in any given language. This essay aims to dissect the evidence which supports and contradicts this, and will draw upon studies and experiments conducted on both humanRead MoreResearch On Age And L2a For Decades1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe critical period hypothesis has been the main focus of research on age and L2A for decades. This hypothesis originated with Lenneberg. In his 1967 study, he proposed that for language to develop fully, it must be acquired before the start of puberty. His hypothesis was solely regarding first language (L1) acquisition. Johnson and Newport (1989) were among the first to question if and how this hypothesis applies to second language a cquisition. They conducted a test with a group of 46 ChineseRead MoreHow Can Tie A Shoelace? Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesto the fact that Alex was missing out on exposure to language and sound – a lack of supervision and support. Since Alex had difficulty hearing, he was already far behind of his peers due to his lack of exposure to sound and language during the critical period of language acquisition. Although he was given visual clues of language by Denworth and her family, Alex was not exposed to as much language as other children who had no difficulty with hearing. Denworth argues in her book, I Can Hear You Whisper:Read MoreThe consensus belief is that the capacity for language is innate, while others believe its800 Words   |  4 PagesOn the other hand, linguist Eric Lenneberg explains that similar to other human behaviors, one’s ability to learn and understand language relies on critical periods. A critical period is a limited span of time during which a person is capable of acquiring certain skills from external resources. Lenneberg states that a person’s main acquisition period for language lasts until the age of 12. He believes that after one goes through puberty, the brain becomes fixed and it is more difficult to completelyRead MoreStudy Of Humanity : Feral And Neglected Children1636 Words   |  7 Pages(Shattuck 223). Although these two cases occurred more than a century and a half apart and under different circumstances, there are many similarities. The most important similarity is that Victor and Genie were deprived of human contact during the period which is, arguably, the most important in childhood development. One of the most detrimental effects of this deprivation in both cases was the struggle of language acquisition. Victor ultimately only learned how to speak two words: lait (milk) andRead MoreDevelopment of Human Language, Neurolinguistics and Psycholinguistics: Exmaining Studies on Feral and Isolated Children1907 Words   |  8 Pagesexperiencing abuse from a succession of foster parents (Ward â€Å"Genie, a Modern-Day Wild Child†). Critical Period Hypothesis Closely linked to the Nativist theories of language development is the Critical Period Hypothesis. Its premise is that there is a critical period when normal language development occurs. The crucial period is said to be between two to twelve years old. Brown et al. (1) stated that during this period, â€Å"the brain loses plasticity through maturation until a biologically determined point

Arnold Schoenberg 3 - 1268 Words

Arnold Schoenberg was one of the greatest musical influences of the mid 20th Century. He was born on September 13, 1874, to a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria (Schoenberg 1). Schoenberg was a young Jewish man during World War I (WWI) living in Berlin. He was directly affected by the invasion of the Nazis. In 1933, he had to leave Berlin and desert his faith for Lutheranism later on taking on the faith of Judaism. At the early age of eight, he began violin lessons and almost immediately started composing music (Schoenberg 1). He was self-taught until the age of 10 when he began formal training (Schoenberg 1). He earned a living by orchestrating operettas, directing a cabaret orchestra, and teaching. Schoenberg influenced the music and†¦show more content†¦This variety of talent allowed him to construct a larger audience. As a musician he only reached those who loved music. With his other talents he was able to attract art lovers and readers. This allows various vehic les of passing on his tradition and culture. He expressed himself in many ways through his self -portrait paintings, postcards, impressions and fantasies. He started writing and composing in a beautiful twelve-tone musical language unlike any other. The twelve-tone is where all 12 pitches on a scale are utilized however, they are all treated equally (Schoenberg 1). No note is more important than any other. Schoenberg output demonstrates constant change and growth in musical style and technique. Schoenberg loved paintings and music. When Schoenberg painted he expressed himself with the Expressionist styles of paintings. The Expressionist style is where the artist focuses on personal subjective feelings (Norton 1). His music was freely blended with a variety of musical tones. His paintings were reflections of things that were happening in his life. For instance, the tragic death of his painting teacher may have encouraged his works to be lifeless. Schoenberg admitted that he only looks one in the eye so further detail is not noted therefore, his paintings become worse and worse (Journal IX1). His self-portraits begin as pictures but end up like sketches for this reason. The War and the havoc of the NaziShow MoreRelatedArnold Schoenberg s Drei Klavierstucke1148 Words   |  5 PagesArnold Schoenberg’s Drei Klavierstà ¼cke, Opus 11 (Three Piano Pieces) represent his first fully atonal work, which would become the basis for moving forward in his later atonal and serial works. Schoenberg believed that music history naturally pushed forward and that tonality could not contain music forever. He believed atonality was the next step and Schoenberg admitted, â€Å"The most decisive steps forward occurred in the Two Songs, Op. 14, and in the Three Piano Pieces, Op. 11.† However, smallRead More John Cage Essay4284 Words   |  18 PagesJohn Cage Defined in the 1950s John Cage is considered by many to be the defining voice of avant-garde music throughout the 20th century. Fusing philosophy with composition, he reinvented the face of modern music, leading composer Arnold Schoenberg to declare, Of course hes not a composer, but hes an inventor -- of genius (Kostelanetz 6). For Cage, the 1950s brought a series of critical events that both refined his message as a composer and brought him great fame, or infamy to some. His interestRead More Musical Modernism with Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg1894 Words   |  8 Pagesmade to please the listeners but carried meanings about life itself. With the modernist movement emotions other than love, anger and joy has started to be portrayed more securely and concisely. Composers like Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg are very well known supporters of the Modern era with the pieces they composed. Claude Debussy, the composer who was considered by many as the dominant figure of the translation from Romantic era to Modern era, born in 22 August 1962 and diedRead MoreMusic That Subverts The Standard Form Of Arranging Sounds Produced By Musical Instruments And Approaches1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe start of the 20th century in Vienna, Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils Alban Berg and Anton Werbern, known as the Second Viennese School (following on from the First Viennese School comprised of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven), were the first, among others, to develop serialism as a compositional style. By 1921 Arnold Schoenberg had developed what is seen as the origins of Serialism, the twelve-tone system. Schoenberg arranged every note of the chromatic scale in a particularRead MoreWhere Schoenberg Went Wrong ( Or Right ! )1852 Words   |  8 PagesWhere Schoenberg Went Wrong (or Right!) Arnold Schoenberg believed that the developing harmonic language of the late nineteenth century had led to a musical crisis. He felt that tonality had been stretched to its absolute limits, and that what was to be said within its confines, was already best done by the great composers before him. Schoenberg believed he existed within a lineage of composers, and therefore, was the successor to deliver the next big innovation in music. This idea of pushing musicRead MoreNeoclassicism Vs. Modernism Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesassociation with his changing environment. While consistently producing work which transformed the sensibilities of those who heard it, he himself continuously allowed his own sensibilities to be fed, even transformed, by the music and music-making of others.†3 By comparing and contrasting the works of Stravinsky with not only his own works, but with his contemporarys of the early 20th century, the division and resemblances between neoclassicism and moder nism can be thoroughly observed. By examining a pieceRead MoreAre Electro-Acoustics and the Vernacular the Largets Developments in 20th Century Music?2642 Words   |  11 PagesIsolde, 1857), composers wanted to experiment with new ideas. Schoenberg was the first composer to approach composition with a completely new approach, not with typical tonality but with a ‘serial method’; this was later known as ‘12 tone’ music (all 12 tones of the chromatic scale are arranged in a fixed sequence know as a ‘tone row’, all 12 tones must be used in order for the piece to progress). Webern was soon to follow Schoenberg and became a pupil of his; he soon adopted his 12-tone method andRead MoreNon Traditional, Contemporary Musical Notation1653 Words   |  7 Pageswere experimenting with non-traditional notation. Arnold Schoenberg was one of the most influential 20th-century composers of Western â€Å"classical music.† It is less commonly known that he also invented a chromatic st aff notation system. Schoenberg said, â€Å"The need for a new notation, or a radical improvement of the old, is greater than it seems, and the number of ingenious minds that have tackled the problem is greater than one might think.† (Schoenberg) This quote is from his â€Å"A New Twelve-Tone NotationRead MoreModern Composers : John Cage1251 Words   |  6 Pagesthat John Cage had a late start to his composing career compared to composers such as Chopin, who was already a published composer by the age of eight (Michalowski and Samson 1). Through his later years, Cage developed an interest and idolized Arnold Schoenberg, the Austrian composer known for his innovations in atonality (Pritchett 1). Atonality refers to a style of music in which the piece lacks a center or focus of a key. This style plays a major role in Cage’s compositions and pieces, like for exampleRead MoreFilm Analysis :samson ( Hwv 57 )1304 Words   |  6 Pages‘Female equivalent to â€Å"Der Erlkà ¶nig.† Hugo Wolf was another nineteenth-century composer who specialized in lieder. He wrote hundreds of lieder and composed other works, including two operas. His style is linked to the Second Viennese School of Arnold Schoenberg, Alan Berg, and Anton Webern. Wolf’s lieder continually have grand moments of expressiveness. His lieder and compositions have complex harmonic motions; Verschwiegene Liebe especially is harmonically thick all while maintaining its sweetness

Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay Example For Students

Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay Drug abuse in America is a major problem. Especially among teenagers. Drugs have hurt the lives of nearly 40 percent of all teenagers in America. Either with health problems, DWIs, highway crashes, arrests, impaired school and job performance. These drugs that teenagers use range from Alcohol, LSD, Marijuana, and even Cigarettes. Most of the teenagers that are involved in drug abuse have either, broken families, parents that are drug abusers, a unstable environment where they are constantly moving from place to place, or there parents arent exactly making a lot of money and they are never around because they are trying to make enough money for them to survive. But even to most ordinary teenager can have a drug problem depending on there friends, and relationship with there family. These teenagers turn to drugs because they have no where else to turn. There family members arent ever around, or hardly ever around. Some teens may have there parents around, but they too are involved with drug abuse, giving little or no attention to there children. They may have dropped out of school, or arent meeting the standards set for them to meet, giving them a sense that they arent worth anything. So what do they do? They turn to drugs, thinking that it will take all there problems away. They soon discover new friends with the same outlook on drugs as they have. And now they have a place to turn, a place where they will not be rejected or put down, a place where nothing matters, everyday is a good day. Until they finally just fall apart. The reason most teens get involved in drugs is because they have whats called a low inner and outer containment. Inner containment is what people believe is right and wrong, like your beliefs and morals. These ideas are taught to you at a young age by your parents, and other people in your life that are important to you. If your inner containment is low, meaning that you dont have people that have put ideas into your head about whats right and wrong, then your chance of being a drug abuser increases. Outer containment is like the law, teachers, friends, and family. If you have a lot of people around you that are constantly telling you drugs are bad, you will be less likely to get involved with the drugs because you dont wanna let these people down. But if you dont have very many people around you like teachers say if you dropped out or something. Then you dont have anyone telling you not to do drugs, which means you will probably do them. But if you have a strong social bond (i.e. attachment to parents, school, church, etc.) you will be less likely to become deviant because you dont want to let them down. If a person has a low inner and outer containment, they probably dont feel to great about themselves either, and feel as if they are lost in society. They look for someone to lead them, or look for a way out. When a person doesnt know what to do, they are more prone to get involved with deviance. This theory is known as Anomie. Differential Association ties in with the containment theory also. It means that people will learn to be deviant (i.e. drug abuse) by the examples sent to them by important people in our lives. These important people could be parents, and family. When you grow up you always look to your parents as a role model, and everything they do you want to do. They develop ideas in your head also about whats right and wrong, these ideas are constructed realities. If a teenagers parents are involved with drugs, the teen or child will observe that and think that it is OK for them to do the same thing, because they think it must be normal, after all the parents do it, why cant they? Another example of Differential Association would be with friends. If some of the teenagers friends are involved with drugs, the teen is more likely to get involved with them because of peer pressure from them. They also have a need to fit in with them and they will do anything to gain that acceptance. .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 , .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .postImageUrl , .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 , .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:hover , .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:visited , .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:active { border:0!important; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:active , .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098 .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c1ce12dd1919026b5d101722bb73098:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Lucky Failure Essay Along with Differential Association comes Differential Reinforcement. Reinforcement is what a teenager would get from his peers. Lets say the teen starts doing drugs like .

Pan Gu Vs. Genesis Essays - Mythology, Creation Myths, Culture

Pan Gu Vs. Genesis PAN GU vs. GENESIS The question of creation has always been asked throughout history and will be continue to be an enigma for the rest of time. How did we [Human Beings] come to be? Every culture in the world has it's own theory or legend on how we were created. In the United States, the Christian view of creation that is often believed or referenced to, is called Genesis. In China the creation story is one of the God, Pan Gu. Both have helped people to cope with the mystery of creation. Genesis According to the Christian Biblical Account, taken from the first Chapter of the Book of Genesis, the earth and life were created in 7 days. A single God, who is referred as God, created the heavens, earth and light. He then created an expanse between the waters to separate water from water called sky. He then gathered the water under the sky to let ground appear. The land produced vegetation: plants bearing seed according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. God then proceeded to make signs to mark seasons and days and years, and let them be lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth. God made two great lights--the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the stars. God set them in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth, to govern the day and the night, and to separate light from dark ness. Then he created all the animals including creature of the sea, birds, and liv estock. God created man in his own image to let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. He created male and female from male to serve as a companion. Lastly he blessed them and told them to increase in number and fill the earth, thus concluding the creation of man. Pan Gu According Chinese myth Pan Gu created the world. In the beginning, the heavens and earth were still one and all was chaos. The universe was like a big black egg, carrying Pan Gu inside itself. After 18 thousand years Pan Gu woke from a long sleep. He felt suffocated, so he took up a broadax and wielded it with all his might to crack open the egg. The light, clear part of it floated up and formed the heavens, the cold, turbid matter stayed below to form earth. Pan Gu stood in the middle, his head touching the sky, his feet planted on the earth. The heavens and the earth began to grow at a rate of ten feet per day, and Pan Gu grew along with them. After another 18 thousand years, the sky was higher, the earth thicker, and Pan Gu stood between them like a pillar so that they would never join again. When Pan Gu died, his breath became the wind and clouds, his voice thunder. One eye became the sun and one the moon. His body and limbs turned to five big mountains and his blood formed the r oaring water. His veins became far-stretching roads and his muscles fertile land. The innumerable stars in the sky came from his hair and beard, and flowers and trees from his skin and the fine hairs on his body. His marrow turned to jade and pearls. His sweat flowed like the good rain and sweet dew that nurtured all things on earth. After Pan Gu died and created the Earth, a fairy by the name of Nu Wo came to Earth. She looked around the earth and took some wet clay from the riverbank, and painstakingly molded some little clay figurines into the shape of men. Then she used a magic reed to breathe life into them, so they could walk and talk. However, she soon realized that they were lonely, and needed companions. So she took some more clay and molded them using her hands into the shape of women. The two